Scientific Revolution
Chapters 16.4, 17.5, 18.4

FRQs - none due -

but review these - you need to learn how to read, take notes, and use the terms to answer the FRQs.

means important and worth trying to write

Scientific Revolution FRQs:

“Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night
God said ‘Let Newton be,’ and all was light.
1. The couplet above was Alexander Pope’s way of expressing the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and Christianity. What was the effect of seventeenth-century science on Christianity, and how did each react to the other.

2. Analyze the ways in which specific intellectual and scientific developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries contributed to the emergence of the religious outlook known as “Deism.”

3. How did the developments in scientific thought from Copernicus to Newton create a new conception of the universe and humanity’s place in it?

4. To what extent and in what ways has twentieth-century physics challenged the Newtonian view of the universe and society?

“In the eighteenth century, people turned to the new science for a better understanding of the social and economic problems of the day.”
5. Assess the validity of this statement by using specific examples from the Enlightenment era.

6. Describe the new astronomy of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and analyze the ways in which it changed scientific thought and methods.

7. Explain the development of the scientific method in the seventeenth century and the impact of scientific thinking on traditional sources of authority.

8. *Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and philosophy in the period 1550 to 1750.

9. *Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered traditional interpretations of nature and challenged traditional sources of knowledge.

DBQs - none due

Terms:

due 10-15-12 (but we are very relaxed about this as we are just finishing Sukkot and so many holidays)
each student will do about 2 terms - these terms cover the topic for the week, scientific revolution, and new art styles and new political theories happening at the same time
WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!

	TERMS	Who or What, where, when, why it is important:	YOUR NAME
	16.4 - new art styles, political theories
1	Secularization	Secularization is the process by which religion becomes more of a personal or private matter rather than public Did not cause people to have less of a religious faith, but did prompt a search for explanations,other than religious reasoning, to explain natural phenomena. Secularization began in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. England and the Dutch Republic indirectly began secularism when they came out of the recessions with a more secular standpoint. Secularism brought about the scientific revolution when science rather than religion was used to explain politics. Scientific and political topics further evolved creating a more secular society.	Emily Firestone edited by Hod Marks
2	mannerism	A style of art that emerged after the Renaissance in the Italian states and spread throughout Europe Started in the late sixteenth century Mannerism allowed painters to disfigure perspective in order to display a specific theme A mannerist painting usually included the crowding of figures and mysterious allusions El Greco was the most famous mannerist painter	dani ditchek
3	el Greco (1541-April 7, 1614)	Born in Crete, Greece (at that time it was part of the Republic of Venice) with the name Doménikos Theotokópoulos Was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance nicknamed El Greco. Was a practicing Catholic Trained, became a master in Crete, and was part of an artist’s guild, then moved to Venice at age 26, then opened a workshop in Rome at age 29, and then moved to Spain at age 36 where he worked until his death Is known for his unique style, which impacted art tremendously and earned him a reputation as such a distinctive artist that he cannot belong to a specific style of art. He integrated components of Mannerism, the Venetian Renaissance, Byzantine traditions, and Western techniques into a dramatic and expressionistic style. Is known as the precursor to Expressionism and Cubism. Was best known for his elongated figures and phantasmagorical pigmentation. In Spain he received many commissions and created his most famous pieces Inspired many poets such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis and influenced many artists of the time	Kayla Petrover
4	baroque (also in 17.5, do "both" terms if you do this one, one term, but use info from both chapters)	Started in Rome, Italy around 1570 Spread across Europe around the time of the Counter- reformation ; many Spanish controlled territories used this art often including in the architecture of their churches It is a style of art, music, and architecture The name baroque means- excessive, different It was completely different from renaissance art, because it did not focus on straight lines but more dramatic forms and emotions This style worked to display both images of a glorious monarch and church This artistic form displayed the value of practicing religion in the home and not always making it into a public show A baroque artist, Bernini who used art to dramatize simple biblical stories, mainly for the church; this provided art for political reasons, displaying the political views of the church and convincing more people to dedicate themselves to the Catholic Church this is also an exapmple of secualrism	Maia Groman
5	Rubens	Peter Paul Rubens - a Baroque painter, a style found throughout Europe in the 1500's to 1600's that emphasized color and movement. - born in Siegen Germany, and lived from June 28th 1577 to the 30th of May 1640. - not only did he create art, but he also collected it - he ran a studio located in Antwerp and famous throughout Europe - aside from the artistic part of his life Rubens was also a humanist scholar. - he was also a diplomat that was knighted by Philip IV of Spain and Charles I of England - he painted The Massacre of the Innocents and Venus at the Mirror	moshe markowitz
6	Rembrandt	Rembrandt van Rijn - a dutch painter that lived from the 15th of July 1606 to the 4th of October 1669 - one of the best european painters in history - his paintings were the opposite of the Baroque style that permeated throughout Europe - though his entire life was not all happy, Rembrandt's art remained valuable - rembrandt taught his talents and techniques to his students - Rembrandt's artwork was a fusion of both renaissance and pre-renaissance culture - much of his artwork depicted biblical scenes as Rembrandt was well-versed in the bible. Depicting pre-renaissance artwork though the detail and individuality the art depicted renaissance culture. - he created the well-known paintings Danae and Night Watch among many others	moshe markowitz
7	Michel de Montaigne	Michel de Montaigne was a French magistrate and Western philosopher who resigned in the middle of the wars of religion so he could write about one’s need for tolerance and open-mindedness. He lived from 1533 to 1592. He is known as one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance. An important accomplishment of Montaigne is that he invented the essay: a brief expression to capture his need of deep, personal reflection during what he believed was a confused age of religious disagreement. He is also known for questioning the common habit of referring to newly discovered people in the New World barbaric and rampant. He additionally brought back the decrepit principle of skepticism, which means total certainty is never unattainable.	Kayla G.
8	Skepticism	The idea that total certainty is never attainable Skeptics may even doubt the reliability of their own intelligence Skepticism was seen between the late 16th century and 18th century due to the rise of political science Not only was Skepticism apparent in religion, but it was also seen in regards to the new scientific revelations Because of the rise of the Scientific Revolution, Skepticism was more evident than ever before The Catholic Church was weakened due to the rise of skeptics during the Scientific Revolution Because of the rise of Skepticism, people began to question the authority of their rulers	Brett Wolff
9	Jean Bodin	He was a French lawyer, political philosopher, and member of the Parlement of Paris. Famous for his work The Six Books of the Republic, through which he expressed his views regarding political matters. He asserted that monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy were the three basic types of sovereignty, and he believed that a strong monarchy was the ultimate solution to maintain order. He believed that one person, or one defined group of people, should be the only leaders with indivisible power because multiple leaders would feud with one another and the state would eventually collapse. He rejected the belief that one has the right to resist tyrannical authority. His ideas built the foundation for absolutism, the notion that the monarch should be the sole and uncontested source of power.	Daniella Cohen
10	Hugo Grotius	1583- 1645 He lived in the Dutch Republic He was a Dutch jurist, poet, and humanist He wrote an authoritative description of current Dutch political matters His legal works improve the idea that nations are bound by natural law He laid down the foundations of international law He wrote a book that arranged the rules of the conduct of war	Adina Hoffman
11	Natural laws	Hugo Grotius gave new meaning to this term laws of nature that have authority over governmental and religious positions during the scientific revolution, specifically the Dutch revolt against Spain the concept of natural law objected to torture the existence of these laws helped society when they wanted to establish formal rules protecting themselves against cruelty and enforcing the laws of nature	Emily Firestone
	16.4 - Scientific Revolution:
12	Ptolemy/Ptolemaic view	Ptolemy/ Ptolemaic Views He was a mathematician and geographer but was most famous for being an astronomer. Although he was Greek- Roman, he lived in Egypt. He created maps of the worlds residents and of the current Roman provinces. His most famous theory was that the earth is the center of all the solar system and all the planets revolve around it. He is also famous for his view of the earth being round and small compared to the rest of the universe. These accomplishments make him an important figure in growth of discoveries in astronomy.	Talia Blumofe
13	Scientific method	A method established during the 17th based on a combination of experimental observation and mathematical deduction Steps include: Make observations regarding a specific phenomenon Propose a hypothesis based on the observations Design an experiment to test hypothysis Gather data from the conducted experiment Either accept hypothesis (and draw conclusions) or reject it and then revise it.	Hod Marks
14	Nicolaus Copernicus (February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543)	Born in Toruń in the province of Royal Prussia in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. His father was a merchant and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy merchant Was a great Renaissance astronomer, mathematician, jurist with a doctorate in law, physician, polyglot (spoke Latin, Polish, German, Greek, and Italian), classics scholar, translator, artist, Catholic cleric, governor, diplomat, and economist. Most famous accomplishment is that he was the first scientist to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology that displaced Earth from the center of the universe (sun in the center, not earth). Was never married and had no children Studied at Krakow University, Bologna University, University of Padua, and University of Ferrara Wrote a paper on coinage entitled Monetae Cudendae Ratio on the command of the king of Poland for the Prussian Diet, which included a principle that developed into Gresham's Law Wrote a book titled De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, which held his life’s work. Some believe he that as he was dying, he saw the final copy and then passed away from a stroke-induced coma in Frombork Cathedral. Has an element named after him called copernicium and is honored along with Kepler in the liturgical calendar of Episcopal Church with a feast day on May 23rd.	Kayla Petrover
15	Heliocentrism	Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish clergyman, published his paper On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres in 1543 His treatise attacked Ptolemy’s, a Greek astronomer, theory that the earth is at the center of the universe He came up with heliocentrism- the earth and all the planets revolve around the sun After Copernicus died, Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake for teaching heliocentrism with the goal of creating a new religion	Dani Ditchek
16	Tycho Brahe	A Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical and planetary observations. Brahe rejected the theory of heliocentrism and the Aristotelian view that the universe never changed. He designed and built new instruments to observe the heavens, checking their accuracy periodically. Hence he revolutionized astronomical instrumentation. He was the last major naked eye astronomer, working without telescopes. He is credited with the most precise observations of that time period. Although his model of the Solar System was later proven incorrect, it was the most widely accepted model of that time. The data that he collected was used by Johannes Kepler, his assistant, to develop the laws of planetary motion.	Daniella Cohen
17	Johannes Kepler	1571- 1630 He lived in Germany He was a German mathematician and astronomer He discovered that the earth and the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits He contributed three important laws of planetary motion He was also very involved with working in geometry and optics	Adina Hoffman
18	Galileo Galilei	Galileo Galilei He was an Italian physicist, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician. He lived from 1564-1642 He improved the telescope, confirmed the phases of Venus and supported Copericanism. He also improved the military compass, observed sunspots and discovered the moons of Jupiter - which were later named for him. His contributions to astronomy earned him the title "father of Modern Science"- he is responsible for many of the discoveries we have today.	Talia Blumofe
19	Galen	Greek physician from 1100’s Studied human anatomy, but was not allowed to dissect cadavers so he studied animal carcasses Thought that the colors of the liquids in your body determined your mood Discovered color differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, very important circulatory system breakthroughs Influenced Islamic Medicine, European Medicine, and Latin medicine	Avi Alpert
20	Andreas Vesalius	Scientist from Flanders (1514-1564) Like Galen, Andreas studied anatomy from dissections Challenged Galen’s work, disproved many of his theories Disproved the theory that men had one rib less than women because Adam gave one rib to create Eve Completely redesigned modern medicine, thoroughly dissected the human figure	Avi Alpert
21	Paracelsus	Born in Switzerland in in 1493 and died 1541. Was a pioneer in the sciences: he was an alchemist, physician, astrologer, scientist, and occultist. He believed in the use of chemicals and minerals to prevent illness and that the balance of the human body itself is balanced with nature and that is was creates good health. He is credited for giving zinc its name from zincum.	Rachel Petrover
22	William Harvey	Born in England and lived from 1578-1657. English physician who wrote and described in detail the systemic circulation of the flow of blood from the the body to the heart. Wrote a book called De Motu Cordis also known as On the Motion of the Heart and Blood containing 72 pages and 17 chapters about the circulation of the blood and blood flow.	Rachel Petrover
23	Francis Bacon	Who: He was a philosopher and writer who advocated the ideas of scientific method and inductive reasoning. He wrote scientific works regarding these subjects such as the Novum Organum. He believed that knowledge is power, so it should be used. Where: He lived in England. When: He lived from 1561-1626. Why it is important: His works had a major influence on the development of the scientific method and led to the rejection of many Aristotelian ideas.	Michali Mazor
24	Rene Descartes	Who: He was a philosopher and mathematician and was a strong believer in deductive reasoning. He talks about his philosophies in his work called the Discourse on Method He is known for his belief in the proposal of Cogito ergo sum(“I think therefore I am”); the idea that proves a person’s existence. He is considered the Father of Modern Philosophy. Where: He lived in France. When: He lived from 1596-1650. Why it is important: He invented analytical geometry which was the basic foundations of calculus (later invented by Newton). He also came up with the philosophy of Cartesian Dualism which states that a human is made up of a mind that thinks and a body that is self-sufficient and does not require the mind.	Michali Mazor
	17.5 Political Theories
25	Thomas Hobbes	1588-1679 he published Leviathan in 1651 in this book he advocated for the unlimited power of a ruler he insisted that whether it be invested in a parliament or a king it must be absolute in order to overcome humans’ defects Hobbes believed people were naturally greedy and power-hungry he believed that people would compete for power and therefore the government wouldn’t work he believed the only way to get people to follow the laws is to make them feel safe regarding social order he argued for a trade: the people give up their personal liberty in exchange of collective security neither Parliament nor the King liked this view because they believed that they should have shared power and protect individual rights he was therefore viewed as a cynic with a pessimistic view of human nature	Jonathan Attias
26	John Locke	1632-1704 he opposed Thomas Hobbes’s view of absolute power he did not believe kings had a divine right to rule in Essay Concerning Human Understanding he wrote that all humans were reasonable and peaceful and were born with a blank slate and that everything they experience shapes their personality, which is why he supported education he thought all humans were created equal, which raised controversy about women’s rights and the like in Two Treatises of Government he wrote that the role of government was to protect life, liberty, and property he saw rulership as a contract: the ruler protects the property of the people and therefore gets to keep his job anytime that ruler fails to do his job of protecting the property of the people could be taken out of power he influenced the Founding Fathers and the way that they shaped their new government he was also against slavery	Jonathan Attias
27	Social Contract	A theory that all political authority comes from an implied contract between citizens and their rulers This social contract theory was seen in the writings of Hobbes and Locke Hobbes believed that rulers derived their power from a contract in which absolute authority protects people’s rights Opposing Hobbes, Locke believed authority rested in the hands of the majority of the individual man, not the ruler The social contract provided people with social order and security of their rights This “contract” was significant because it shaped the modern subject of political science	Brett Wolff
	17.5 Scientific Revolution
28	Isaac Newton	English mathematician and physicist (1642-1727) Considered the greatest single influence on theoretical physics until Einstein. In Principia Mathematica (1687), he gave a mathematical description of the laws of mechanics and gravitation and applied these to planetary motion. Opticks (1704) records his optical experiments and theories, including the discovery that white light is made up of a mixture of colors. His work in mathematics included the binomial theorem and differential calculus Known as the father of modern science Conducted experiments and took very careful notes on the results. Invented the reflecting telescope which used mirrors to magnify whatever it focused on by 40 times Gravity- Newton explained fundamental concepts of gravity. 3 laws of motion: Inertia- an object will stay in motion once it is in motion unless another force impresses upon it and vise versa when it comes to an object that is at rest (If you throw a baseball in space, it will keep on going in the direction you threw it forever). Acceleration- F=ma. Force equals an object's mass x its acceleration. Action and Reaction- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (When you are sitting on a chair, it is pushing back at you as much as your pushing it with your weight)	Yitzchak Kaminetsky edited by Hod Marks
28	Baroque (also in 16.4, do "both" terms if you do this one, one term, but use info from both chapters)	A form of art that emerged around the 17th century in the Italian states. Baroque art was unique because it contained many curves, exaggerated lighting, and lots of emotions. Baroque art spread from the Italian states to the rest of Europe. The Baroque style glorified the Catholic Church and political leaders. For instance, the Spanish built Baroque churches in the American colonies. Additionally, artists such as Bernini made Baroque style tombs and statues for different popes and leaders. Many art historians have disapproved of the Baroque style until the late nineteenth century.	Ezra Splaver
30	Classicism	- Classicism introduced the application of mathematics and empiricism into art, humanism, literary realism. It also introduced Polytheism, - Classicism led to a different sense of what was classical during this time period - Schools were formed on the idea of classicism - Reestablished greek music and arts - France developed this style of art as its national style - The style is based on geometric shapes, order and harmony of lines	Ariel Bugay
31	Salons	They began around the 1660s. Salons arose during the time when women’s roles in daily life were being debated. Through salons, newfound ideas of courtly manners pervaded the upper reaches of society. A salon is an informal gathering that is held regularly in private homes. It was supervised and operated by a socially preeminent woman. The topics during these meetings included love, literature, and philosophy. Salons also occurred when authors wished to read their compositions to a group of people before publishing a manuscript. Unfortunately, the French government often feared that these salons would be a threat to its authority. And in 1661, one French author claimed that he had found 251 Parisian women to be hostesses of salons.	Kayla Gross
	18.4 Scientific Rev (and the enlightenment)
32	skeptic	-one who denies the existence of certainty -many skeptics began appearing during this age, especially between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries -this was due to the ground breaking scientific developments that shook the foundations of their faith and knowledge (such as the concept of heliocentrism) -people became skeptical of religion and faith, their own existence, and even knowledge in it of itself (Descartes doubted this at one point, but then he realized that that fact that he cant think and produce knowledge proves his existence "I think therefore i am")	cherie
33	Voltaire	- One of the most influential writers of his time period - He was french, born in the upper middle class - His real name was François-Marie Arouet (Pen name Voltaire) - He took some of the work of Pierre Bayle who was a philosopher - He was arrested and exiled multiple times for his work (Letters concerning the English nation) - He also popularized Newtons scientific discoveries - After publishing Newtons work Voltaire became very popular and was elected into the royal society in London.	Ariel Bugay
34	Montesquieu		Ezra Splaver
35	The “woman question”	Was first brought about right before and during the 1700s, all though out Europe It was a movement against the present treatment of women and their lack of education One writer, Montesquieu measured the corruption in the government based on women’s treatment, the worse treatment the more corruption Many stories. Books, and papers were written about women’s independence Mary Astell, wanted to start a private women’s college to defy the men only educational belief, she based this off of Descrates saying that education comes before traditional views Women greatly supported this movement, unlike most men, who believed that women were inferior because only the sperm created children; soon this theory was proved wrong as scientists discovered the females role in reproduction, the egg This is important because it was a giant step towards women’s rights and the change in sexism beliefs	Maia Groman

4. Scientific Revolution

Table of Contents

FRQs - none due -

DBQs - none due

Terms: